per unit coding for combined economic emission load dispatch using smart algorithms

this paper proposes per unit coding for combined economic emission load dispatch problem. in the proposed coding, it is possible to apply the percent effects of elements in any number and with high accuracy in objective function. in the proposed per unit coding, each function is transformed into per unit form based on its own maximum value and has a value from 0 to 1. in this paper, particle swarm optimization is used for solving economic emission load dispatch problem. in order to show the advantages of the proposed method, 25 independent case studies are conducted on systems holding three and six power units with different influence percentages of each function are investigated. the obtained results are compared with those of other methods such as biogeography based optimization, tabu search, nsga-ii and etc. the obtained results properly show the superiority of the proposed method to combine economic emission dispatch problem over the penalty factor technique and other conventional combined approaches.